DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2002.08.091.1 --- Goal and Background. The treatment of allocation in the descriptive
LCA of wood-based products has been discussed for a long
time and different solutions have been presented. In general, it is
accepted that the influence of different allocation procedures on
the results of LCA of wood-based products can be very significant.
This paper is a result of the Cost Action E9 - Life cycle assessment
of forestry and forest products - and represents the experience
of involved Cost E9 delegates. - - - Objective. Wood is a renewable material that can be used for wood products and energy production. Consistent methodological procedures are needed in order to correctly address the twofold
nature of wood as a material and fuel, the multifunctional wood processing generating large quantities of co-products, and reuse or recycling of paper and wood. Ten different processes in LCAs of wood-based products are identified, where allocation questions can occur: forestry, sawmill, wood industry, pulp and
paper industry, particle board industry, recycling of paper, recycling
of wood-based boards, recycling of waste wood, combined heat and power production, landfill. - - - Methodology. Following ISO 14 041 a step-wise procedure for system boundary setting and allocation are outlined. As a first
priority allocation should be avoided by system expansion, thus adding additional functions to the functional unit. Alternatively, the avoided-burden approach can be followed by subtracting substituted functions of wood that are additionally provided. If allocation cannot be avoided, some allocations methods from case studies are described. - - - Conclusions. The following conclusions for allocation in LCA of wood-based products are given. 1) Avoid allocation by expansion of system boundaries by combining material and energy
aspects of wood, meaning a combination of LCA of wood products and of energy from wood with a functional unit for products and energy. 2) Substitute energy from wood with conventional energy in the LCA of wood products to get the func
tional unit of the wood product only, but identify the criteria for the substituted energy. 3) Substitution of wooden products with non-wooden products in LCA of bioenergy is not advisable, because the substitution criteria can be too complex. 4) If avoiding allocation is not possible, the reasons should be documented. 5) Different allocation procedures must be analysed and documented. In many cases, it seems necessary to make a sensitivity analysis of different allocation options for different environmental effects. It can also be useful to get the acceptance of the chosen allocation procedure by external experts. 6) Different allocation factors, e.g. mass or economic value, are allowed
within the same LCA. 7) For allocation of forestry processes it is necessary to describe the main function of the forest where the raw material is taken out. In some cases different types or functions of forests must be considered and described. 8) Regarding the experiences from the examples, the following
most practical allocation for some specific processes are identified: forestry: mass or volume; sawmill: mass or volume and proceeds; wood industry: mass and proceeds. |
