| Academic degree: | PhD | | Last name: | McComb | | First name: | Brenda | | Responsible for: | | | Organization/Institute: | University of Massachusetts Amherst | | Department: | Natural Resources Conservation | | Position: | Professor | | Street, Number, POB: | Holdsworth Natural Resources Center | | Postal code, City: | Amherst | | State: | MA | | Country: | UNITED STATES | | Phone: | 413-545-1764 | | Fax: | 413-545-1242 | | E-mail address: | bmccomb@forwild.umass.edu | | Url: | http://www.umass.edu/nrc/faculty/profile.mccomb.html | | Curriculum vitae: | Brenda C. McComb
Curriculum Vitae
Department of Natural Resources Conservation
University of Massachusetts-Amherst
Amherst, MA 01003
Phone: 413-545-1764
e-mail: bmccomb@forwild.umass.edu
EDUCATION
B.S., Natural Resources Conservation, University of Connecticut, 1970-1974
M.S., Wildlife Management, University of Connecticut, 1974 -1976
Ph.D., Forestry (Zoology minor), Louisiana State University, 1976 -1979
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
Professor, Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 2004 to present
Responsibilities: Teach undergraduate and graduate classes in wildlife and forest ecology and conduct research collaboratively in an interdisciplinary natural resources program. Research activities are focused in the Northeast and Northwest and involve working with cooperators from a variety of natural resources areas.
Courtesy Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Graduate Faculty, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University 2004-present
Responsibilities: Participate in teaching and research initiatives collaboratively with faculty and graduate students within the Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife and Forest Science.
Chief, Watershed Ecology Branch, US EPA ORD NHEERL Western Ecology Division, 2003-2004
Responsibilities: Served on a one year leave without pay from UMass to supervise and coordinate watershed ecology research for 17 scientists. Represent the branch to others within and outside of the agency. Contribute to strategic planning and development of goals and objectives used by the agency and cooperators to advance our knowledge of watershed ecology and provide information that can be of use to managers and regulators inside and outside the agency.
Professor and Head, Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 1996 to 2003
Responsibilities: Direct and lead an interdisciplinary program of graduate and undergraduate teaching, extension, and research in a large natural resources program. Work with cooperators from a variety of natural resources areas. Administer departmental budgets, hiring faculty and staff, oversee physical facilities, and work within a large multidisciplinary college to provide a coordinated effort among departments to solve land and water resources management problems.
Professor, Departments of Forest Science and Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 1993 to 1996.
Responsibilities: Direct and lead a program of wildlife habitat research in managed forests; teach a graduate-level course in forest-wildlife interactions; advise graduate students; and lead a continuing education program in forest wildlife management,
Associate Professor, Departments of Forest Science and Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 1987 to 1993.
Responsibilities: Plan, organize, and conduct forest wildlife habitat research in managed forests; teach a graduate-level course in forest-wildlife interactions; advise graduate students; and organize a continuing education program in forest wildlife interactions.
Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, 1985 to 1987.
Responsibilities’. Teach undergraduate and graduate forestry and wildlife courses; advise undergraduate and graduate students; conduct basic and applied research in forest wildlife biology. Chair, undergraduate curriculum committee. This position carried a joint appointment to the Graduate Faculty, School of Biological Sciences.
Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, 1979 to 1985.
Responsibilities’. Teach undergraduate and graduate forestry and wildlife courses; advise undergraduate and graduate students; conduct basic and applied research in wildlife habitat analysis and community structure of wildlife in forests; and provide extension wildlife information to county agents and the general public. Formal extension duties were in effect from 1979-1981.
RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
Only projects for which I have had a leadership role are listed below. Additional cooperative projects with scientists at UMass and Oregon State University are not listed below.
Projects active within the past 5 years (career grants > $3.5 million)
1. USDA CEAP. “Assessing Trade-offs Between Crop Production and Ecological Services: The Calapooia Basin”. 2006-2009. $640,000. CoPI
2. USDA Forest Service PNW Region. Forest Inventory and Analysis. "Regional Patterns of Forest Wildlife Habitat: Scaling from Plots to Landscapes". 2005-2007. $135,000.
3. National Commission for Science on Sustainable Forestry. “The future range of variability”. Co-PI with Norm Johnson. 2005-2006. $160,000.
4. US EPA Environmental Sciences Research and Training Opportunities Program. I am Co-PI along with 12 others from 6 Universities, Deborah Grossman-Garber from URI is PI. 2002-2005. $698,590
5. USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant - Distance-Education for Natural Resources Students to Improve Private Forest Land Management. 2002-2004. $95,000.
6. Mass. EOEA - Habitat Management Plans for Greylock Center, MA. 2001-2002. $20,070.
7. Massachusetts EOEA - Invasive species monitoring at the Greylock Center at Adams, MA. 2001-2002. $15,305.
8. USDA CSREES Hatch - Relationship of bird diversity to forest cover, urbanization, and agriculture. 1999-2004. $10,000 per year.
9. USDA Forest Service - Assessing impacts of policy change in multi-ownership landscapes - wildlife responses (co-PI with Tom Spies). 1996-2005. my portion = ~$75,000.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
FOR 219-Silvics and Tree Identification
FOR 220-Dendrology Laboratory (with Teaching Assistants)
FOR 221-Winter Dendrology
FOR 375-Taxonomy of Forest Vegetation (with Dr. Muller)
FOR 430-Forest Wildlife and Range Management
FOR 599-lndependent Work in Forestry
FOR 601-Research Methods in Forestry
FOR 620-Wildlife Energetics
FOR 630-Wildlife Habitat Analysis
BIO 559-Ornithology (with Dr. Davis)
FS 507-Forest Science Seminar (with Dr. Anthony).
FS 507A- Forest Science Student Seminar.
FS/FW 453-Managed Forests and Wildlife Interactions (Depts of Fisheries and Wildlife and Forest Science).
FS/FW 553-Managed Forests and Wildlife Interactions (Depts of Fisheries and Wildlife and Forest Science).
WFCON 564 - Wildlife Habitat Ecology and Management (web-based & classroom)
WFCON/FOREST 697E - Ecosystem Health (Distance Education)
WFCON 691 R- Research Design (web-assisted)
FORESTRY 691 P - Forest Planning (with Matt Kelty)
NRC 597M and N – Ecosystem Management
Theses Supervised
In Progress
1. Maria Fernandez. PhD. Use of nearest neighbor imputation to assess ground vegetation and wildlife habitat in a western Massachusetts watershed.
2. Jesse Caputo. M.S. Influence of mountain laurel on tree and shrub regeneration in New England.
Completed:
3. Polo-Urrea, Claudia. PhD. 2004. Bird diversity and habitat associations in pine plantations in Colombia.
4. Lester, Anna. M.S. 2004. Predicting coarse woody debris dynamics in northeast forests. Co-adviser with Matt Kelty.
5. Martin, Karl. Ph.D. 1998. Habitat associations of small mammals and amphibians in the central Oregon Coast Range. 88 pp.
6. Hunter, Matthew. M. S. 1998. Predicting patterns of occurrence of stream amphibians in managed landscapes of the central Oregon Cascades.
7. Butts, Sally. M. S. 1998. Relationship between coarse woody debris and amphibian abundance in managed Douglas-fir stands, Oregon Cascades
8. Church, Tiffany. M. S. 1997. Relationships between landscape structure and cavity-nesting bird abundance in the Oregon Cascades.
9. Feen, Jeff. M. S. 1997. Winter den site selection by northern flying squirrels in the Oregon Cascades.
10. Brooks, Jonathan. M. S. 1997. Modeling bird abundance across the Oregon Coast Range using GIS.
11. Vesley, David . M.S. 1996. Associations of amphibians with buffer strips in the Oregon Coast Range.
12. Thompson, Rebecca. M. S. 1996. Associations of red-backed voles and coarse woody debris in the Oregon Cascades.
13. Chambers, Carol. 1996. Terrestrial vertebrate responses to 3 silvicultural systems in Douglas-fir forests. PhD dissertation.
14. Ormsbee, Patricia. 1996. Ecology of day roosts selected by female Myotis volans (long-legged myotis) in forested habitats of the Central Oregon Cascades- M.S. Thesis.
15. Bettinger, Kelly. 1996. Bird communities in 5- to 34-year-old managed Douglas-fir stands on the Willamette National Forest, Oregon Cascades. M.S. Thesis. 109pp.
16. Gerson, Elizabeth. M. S. 1995. Protection of Pandora moth eggs from consumption by golden-mantled ground squirrels. 55pp. (Co-advisor with R. Kelsey).
17. McGarigal, Kevin. Ph.D. 1993. Relationships between landscape structure and avian abundance patterns in the Oregon Coast Range. 274 pp.
18. Hagar, Joan C. M. S. 1993. Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon. 110 pp. (Co-advisor with W. Emmingham.)
19. Austin, Karen. M.S. 1993. Habitat use and home range size of breeding northern goshawks in the southern Cascades. 57pp.
20. Mauro, Richard J. M.S. 1992. Mortality and habitat use of translocated ruffed grouse at TVA Land-Between-the-Lakes.
21. Suzuki, Nobuya. M.S. 1992. Habitat classification and characteristics of small mammal and amphibian communities in beaver-pond habitats of the Oregon Coast Range. 85 pp.
22. Friesen, Cheryl. M.S. 1991. Elk forage quality relationships on the Willamette National Forest. 89 pp.
23. Gumtow-Farrior, Dan L. M.S. 1991. Cavity resources in Oregon white oak and Douglas-fir stands in the mid-Willamette valley, Oregon. 89 pp.
24. Leidholt, Karen. M.S. 1990. Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fingerling populations in two coastal Oregon streams. 109 pp. (Co-adviser with D. Hibbs).
25. Triquet, Alexis M. M.S. 1989. Mortality and habitat use of ruffed grouse in the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky. 91 pp.
26. Bonney, Stephen A. M.S. 1988. Ruffed grouse use of mined and unmined forests in eastern Kentucky.
27. Brunell, Arnold M. M.S. 1988. Food selection and foraging behavior by white-breasted nuthatches on the Daniel Boone National Forest, 143 pp.
28. Jacoby, Gloria E. M.S. 1988. A radio telemetry study of white-breasted nuthatches on the Daniel Boone National Forest. 81 pp.
29. Pais, Richard C. M.S. 1988. Mortality and habitat use of white-tailed deer does in the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky. 83 pp.
30. Groetsch, Patricia L. M.S. 1986. Effect of an improvement cut on a bird community in a central Appalachian hardwood stand. 97 pp.
31. McPeek, Gail A. M.S. 1985. Decay patterns and bird use of snags created with herbicide injections and tree topping. 115 pp.
32. Cramer, Mark S. M.S. 1985. Environmental factors affecting small mammal and herbaceous plant distributions in upland forests within the Knobs Region of Kentucky. 130 pp.
33. Metcalfe, C. Steven. M.S. 1983. Herbicidal control of vegetation competing with two tree species on surface mine spoils in eastern Kentucky. 108 pp.
34. Moriarty, John J. 1982. M.S. Long-term effects of timber stand improvement on snag and natural cavity characteristics and use in eastern Kentucky. 125 pp.
CONTINUING EDUCATION, EXTENSION AND INVITED PRESENTATIONS (past 5 years)
Invited presentation: “Forest management and songbirds” given in Advances in Forest Biology Workshop, Regional SAF meeting, Enfield, CT. 7 June. 2001
Invited Presentation. “Snag Ecology and Management” given at the Managing Forest Structure and Composition Workshop, University of Maine, Orono. October 27,2001.
Instructor “Learn about forests” one-day course for urban youth in coordination with the Eagle Eye Institute. Petersham, MA. 2001.
Invited Presentation: ‘What constitutes a Healthy Forest?” given at a “Global Environmental Change: the Science and Human Health Impacts; a course for Senior Congressional Staff, the Airlie House, Washington D.C. 2002.
Invited Presentation: “Institutional Timberland Investment: Balancing Ecology, Finance and the Public Interest—an ecological perspective”. Yale Forest Forum Panel. Yale University.2002.
Invited Presentation: “Biodiversity: What is the relation of biodiversity to forests and how can it be improved?” Yale Forest Forum Seminar. Yale University. 2002
Invited Presentation: “A university perspective on crises in conservation”. North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Winston-Salem, NC. 2003.
Invited Presentation: McComb, B., R. T. Lackey, and J. L. Ebersole. 2004. Integrative considerations in watershed planning. American Fisheries Society Western Division Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, UT. March 2, 2004
Organizer: TMDL workshop for US EPA, Oregon DEQ, and private landowners. Corvallis OR. March 2004.
Invited Presentation: “Research for Effective Watershed Planning”. Pacific International section of the American Fisheries Society, Stevenson, WA. November 2004.
Invited Presentation. “Red alder as wildlife habitat”, International Symposium on Red Alder: A State of Knowledge. University of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture, Seattle. March 2005.
Organizer: Sustainable Forest Management in the northeastern United States: a seminar series. Department of Natural Resources Conservation and Computer Science Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst. RIPPLES-based software CD-ROM. 2005.
Invited Presentation, "Biodiversity of early seral forests, at the Interagency workshop on
Ecology of Openings, US Forest Service and US BLM. Salem, Oregon. March 2006.
Presentation. Mckenna, J., K. Rolih, and B. C. McComb. "Landscape change in the Mill River Watershed: The Future Range of Variability". UMass Department of Natural Resources Conservation. Amherst, MA Feb. 2006.
ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERIENCE
Chief, Watershed Ecology Branch, Western Ecology Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Acgency. Supervise 17 scientists, provide research planning direction, and administer approximately $1 million in research funding for two large inter-disciplinary projects.
Head, Department of Natural Resources Conservation - manage a department of 23 faculty, 5 post-docs, 120 graduate students and 300 undergraduate advisees. The Department has four undergraduate majors and two graduate majors. Annual budget >$3 million.
Service Experience (last 5 years)
• UMass, Life Sciences Steering Committee, coordination among departments (1996-2002)
• UMass, Working Group for formation of a Graduate School of Marine Sciences and Technology, President’s Office; member of the Intercampus Oversight Committee and the Leadership Working Group (1997-2003)
• UMass, Co-Chair Biodiversity working group, UMass/EOEA partnership initiative, Presidents Office. 2000-2002
• UMass coordinator of the distance education seminar series on Ecosystem Health involving the 6 New England Land Grant Universities (2000, 2001)
• UMass, member Strategic Planning Committee for Academic Affairs (2001)
• UMass, member Academic Affairs Steering Committee, (2002)
• UMass, invited participant in discussion on Community Sustainability with UMass President’s Office and UMass-system leaders. (2001)
• UMass-Amherst representative to interview process for the UmassOnline CEO search (2001)
• UMass, University representative to the Great Lakes/Northern Forest Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (2001-2002)
• UMass, University representative to the North Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (2001-2002)
• UMass, member review of candidates for Chancellor regarding research and Graduate Education (2002)
• Chair, University Forests Committee, Department of Natural Resources Conservation (2004-present)
State and National Service (examples of recent activities)
• Associate Editor for Conservation Biology (1995-present)
• Reviewed research proposals for NSF and USDA Competitive Grants programs as well as numerous manuscripts for peer-review journals.
• Testimony before the House Committee on Agriculture (1997) on Forest Health in the U.S.
• CSREES Review team member, University of Maine Department of Wildlife Ecology, 1999
• CSREES Review team member, University of Connecticut Department of Natural Resources Management and Engineering, 2001
• NASULGC Fish and Wildlife Section Secretary, 1999-2001
• NAUFWP Research Committee, National Chapter, 2000-2001
• NAPFSC Northeast Region Chair, 2000-2002
• Participant in Workforce Planning meeting among USGS leadership and University program leaders, 2001
• Participant in US Forest Service Research Station transition Team, 2001
• Participant in Review of US Fish and Wildlife Regional Office, 2002
• Massachusetts Audubon Science Advisory Committee 2006-2007
International Service (example)
• Participated in development of a joint research project between UMass and INOUE (Mexico) with 2 Mexican universities to investigate sustainable forest management and land use near Texmalliquia, Mexico, 2001-2002.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The Wildlife Society
• Member, Publications Committee, 2000-2001
• Chair, Publications Committee, 1997-98
• Parent Society: Member since 1975;
• member Urban Wildlife Committee, 1983-85;
• Editor. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1991-1993.
• Southeast Section: Past Chair, Publication Awards Committee
• Kentucky Chapter: Past President
• Oregon Chapter: Past Newsletter Editor
Society for Conservation Biology - Editorial Board Member, 1995-present
Society of American Foresters
Northwest Scientific Society
PEER REVIEW ACTIVITIES
Wildlife Society Bulletin (Editor for the 1992-1993 issues), Conservation Biology (Editorial Board member, 1995-present).
Peer review activities in the past 5 years: Journal of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Monographs, Ecology, Ecological Applications, Forest Science, Forest Ecology and Management, Journal of Field Ornithology, Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, Western Journal of Applied Forestry, Condor, American Midland Naturalist, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Biological Conservation, Northeast Naturalist, Frontiers in Ecology, Wilson Bulletin, Fisheries, Northwest Science, Northwest Naturalist, Southeastern Naturalist.
HONORS AND AWARDS
• Xi Sigma Pi (Forestry Honor Society)
• Gamma Sigma Delta (Agriculture Honor Society)
• Best Conference Paper, 1987 & 1989, Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Conference.
• Dean’s Group Outstanding Achievement Award, 1993 (Research Forest Plan Development)
• Outstanding Teaching Certificate, College of Food and Natural Resources, 2001
• EPA Division Honor Award, Special Accomplishment Recognition Award issued by the Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, EPA for exceptional job as Branch Chief, 2004
• EPA Team Award, Team award issued by the Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, EPA for development of communications information to market services of the WED, 2004.
CONSULTING ACTIVITIES (last 5 years)
• Assessment of Land Exchanges between Federal and Private land owners in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon (World Forestry Institute, 1996-01).
• Review of Forest Management Activities for the McLean Family Trust, McLean Game Refuge, Simsbury, CT. 2000-2001
• Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Review Team, Pacific Lumber Co., Scotia, CA. April, 2001, 2004, 2006.
• Independent Biological Review of the G&N/ODF Land Exchange Proposal. 2001
• Review of Northern Forest Lands Purchase and assistance with multi-ownership land management planning (INTERFOREST 2001)
• Preparation of US Forest Service Technical Guide for Development of Protocols for Species Monitoring, National Forest System. 2003-2005.
• Development of an integrated forest land management plan in Northern New Hampshire (INTERFOREST 2003)
PUBLICATIONS
Refereed Manuscripts
1. McComb, B.C., T.A. Spies, and K.A. Olsen. Sustaining biodiversity on the Oregon Coast Range: Potential effects of forest policies in a multiownership province. Ecology and Society (submitted).
2. Thompson, R. L., C. L. Chambers, and B. C. McComb. Home range and habitat of western red-backed voles in the Oregon Cascades. J. Mammal. (submitted).
3. Szantyr, M., C. Fritz, and B. C. McComb. Breeding bird response to three silvicultural treatments in southern New England. Northeast Wildlife (submitted).
4. Spies, T. A., B. C. McComb, R. Kennedy, M. McGrath, K. Olsen, R. J. Pabst. 2007. Habitat patterns and trends for focal species under current land policies in the Oregon Coast Range. Ecological Applications (in press).
5. Spies, T.A., K. N. Johnson, K. M. Burnett, J. L. Ohmann, B. C. McComb, G. H. Reeves, P. Bettinger, D. J. Miller, J. D. Kline, and B. Garber-Yonts. 2007. Assessing forest policies in the Coastal Province of Oregon: and overview of biophysical and socioeconomic responses. Ecological Applications (in press).
6. Compton, J. E., C. P. Andersen, J. R. Brooks, M. R. Church, W. E. Hogsett, D. L. Phillips, M. G. Johnson, M. A. Cairns, P. G. Rygiewicz, B. C. McComb, C. D. Shaff and S. Klein. 2006. Ecological and water quality consequences of nutrient additions for salmon restoration in the Oregon Coast Range. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4(1): 18–26.
7. McComb, B. C., D. Bilsland, and J. J. Steiner. 2006. Association of winter birds with riparian condition in the lower Calapooia watershed, Oregon. Northwest Science 79:164-171.
8. Wilson, B.F. and B. C. McComb. 2005. Dynamics of dead wood over 20 years in a New England Forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 35:682-692.
9. Suzuki, N., and B. C. McComb. 2004. Association of small mammals and amphibians with beaver-occupied streams in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Science 78:286-293.
10. Ellsworth, J. W. and B. C. McComb. 2003. The potential effects of passenger pigeon flocks on the structure and composition of pre-settlement eastern forests. Conservation Biology 17:1548-1558.
11. Martin, K. J., and B. C. McComb. 2003. Amphibian habitat associations at patch and landscape scales in western Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 67:672-683.
12. McComb, B.C. and E. Kenney. 2002. Assessing habitat suitability for Acadian flycatchers in Massachusetts. Northeast Wildlife 57: 19-27.
Note: Due to a name change, publications prior to 2003 are listed as W.C. McComb
13. McComb, W. C., M. McGrath, T. A. Spies, and D. Vesely. 2002. Models for mapping potential habitat at landscape scales: an example using northern spotted owls. Forest Science 48(2): 203-216.
14. Vesely, D. and W. C. McComb. 2002. Terrestrial salamander abundance and amphibian species richness in headwater riparian buffer strips, Oregon Coast Range. Forest Science 48(2): 291-298.
15. Martin, K. J., and W. C. McComb. 2002. Small mammal habitat associations at patch and landscape scales in Oregon. Forest Science 48(2): 255-266.
16. Butts, S. R. and W. C. McComb. 2000. Associations of forest-floor vertebrates with coarse woody debris in managed forests of western Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 64:95-104.
17. Lehmkuhl, J. P., S. D West, C. L. Chambers, W. C. McComb, D. A. Manuwal, K. B. Aubry, J. L. Erickson, R. A Gitzen, and M. Leu. 1999. An experiment for assessing vertebrate response to varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention. Northwest Sci. 73: 45-63.
18. Chambers, C. L, W. C. McComb, and J. C. Tappeiner. 1999. Breeding bird responses to 3 silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range. Ecological Applications 9(1):171-185.
19. Suzuki, N. and W. C. McComb. 1998. Habitat classification models for beaver (Castor canadensis) in the streams of the central Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Sci.72:102-110.
20. Cole, E.G., W.C. McComb, M. Newton, J.P. Leeming, and C.L. Chambers. 1998. Response of small mammals to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon Coast Range. J. Wildl. Manage. 62: 1207-1216.
21. Gerson, E., R. Kelsey, W. C. McComb, and D. Ross. 1998. Palatability of Coloradia pandora (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) eggs to a rodent predator: Contributions of physical and chemical characteristics. Environmental Entomology 27(3): 709-716.
22. Ormsbee, P. C., and W. C. McComb. 1998. Selection of day roosts by female long-legged myotis. J. Wildl. Manage. 62(2): 596-603.
23. Chambers, C. L., and W. C. McComb. 1997. Effects of silvicultural treatments on wintering bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Sci. 71(4): 298-304.
24. Chambers, C.L., T. Carrigan, T. Sabin, J. Tappeiner, and W.C. McComb. 1997. Use of artificially created Douglas-fir snags by cavity-nesting birds. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):93-97.
25. Cole, E.G.. W.C. McComb, M. Newton, C.L. Chambers, and J.P. Leeming. 1997. Response of amphibians to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon Coast Range. J. Wildl. Manage. 61:656-664.
26. Flather, C. H., K. R. Wilson, D. J. Dean, and W. C. McComb. 1997. Mapping diversity to identify gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses. Ecological Applications 7:531-542.
27. Boyle, J.R., J. E. Warila, R. L. Beschta, M. Reiter, C. L. Chambers, W. P. Gibson, S. V. Gregory, J. Grizzel, J. C. Hagar, J. L. Li, W. C. McComb, T. W. Parzybok, G. Taylor. 1997. Cumulative effects of forestry practices: An example framework for evaluation from Oregon, USA. Biomass & Bioenergy 13: (4-5) 223-245.
28. DellaSala, D. A., J. C. Hagar, K. A. Engel, W. C. McComb, R. L Fairbanks, and E. G. Campbell. 1996. Effects of silvicultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, Southeast, Alaska. Condor 98:706-721
29. Hagar, J., W. C. McComb and W. H. Emmingham. 1996. Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 24:353-366.
30. Hansen, A.J., S. L. Garman, J. F. Weigand, D. L. Urban, W. C. McComb, and M. G. Raphael. 1995. Alternative silvicultural regimes in the Pacific Northwest: simulations of ecological and economic effects. Ecological Applications 5: 535-554.
31. Hansen, A., W. McComb, R. Spencer, M. Raphael, and M. Hunter. 1995. Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west Cascades of Oregon. Ecological Applications 5: 555-569.
32. McGarigal, K. and W. C. McComb. 1995. Relationships between landscape structure and breeding birds in the Oregon Coast Range. Ecological Monographs 65:235-260.
33. Hope, S. and W. C. McComb. 1994. Perceptions of implementation and monitoring of wildlife tree prescriptions on National Forests in western Washington and Oregon. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22:383-392.
34. Ohmann, J. L., W. C. McComb, and A. A. Zumrawi. 1994. Snag abundance for primary cavity-nesting birds on nonfederal forest lands in Oregon and Washington. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22: 607-619.
35. McComb, W. C., T. A. Spies, and W. H. Emmingham. 1993. Stand management for timber and mature-forest wildlife in Douglas-fir forests. J. Forestry 91(12):31-42.
36. McComb, W.C., C. L. Chambers, and M. Newton. 1993. Small mammal and amphibian communities and habitat associations in red alder stands, central Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Sci. 67: 181-208.
37. McComb, W. C., K, McGarigal, and R. G. Anthony. 1993. Small mammal and amphibian abundance in streamside and upslope habitats of mature Douglas-fir stands, western Oregon. Northwest Sci. 67: 7-15.
38. Bruner, K. L., D. E. Hibbs, and W. C. McComb. 1992. Effects of beaver dams on distribution and abundance of coho salmon fry in two coastal Oregon streams. Northwest Sci. 66:218-223.
39. McGarigal, K. and W. C. McComb. 1992. Upslope versus streamside bird communities in the central Oregon Coast Range. J. Wildl. Manage. 56:10-23.
40. McComb, W. C. R. G. Anthony, and K. McGarigal. 1991. Differential vulnerability of small mammals and amphibians to two trap types and two trap baits. Northwest Sci. 65:109-115.
41. Pais, R.C., W.C. McComb, and J. Phillips. 1991. Habitat associated with home ranges of female Odocoileus virginianus in eastern Kentucky. Brimleyana 7:57-67.
42. McComb. W. C., J. R. Sedell, and T. D. Buchholz. 1990. Dam-site selection by beavers in an eastern Oregon basin. Great Basin Naturalist 50:273-383.
43. Triquet, A. M., W. C. McComb, and G. A. McPeek. 1990. Songbird diversity in clearcuts with and without a buffer strip. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 45:500-503.
44. McComb, W. C., P. L Groetsch, G. E. Jacoby, and G. A. McPeek. 1989. Response of forest birds to an improvement cut in Kentucky. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 43:313-325.
45. Pais, R. C., S. A. Bonney, and W. C. McComb. 1988. Herpetofaunal species richness and habitat associations in an Appalachian forest. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 42:448-455.
46. Adams, L. W., D. L. Leedy, and W. C. McComb. 1987. Urban wildlife research and education in North American colleges and universities. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:591-595.
47. McComb, W. C., W. H. Davis, and P. N. Allaire. 1987. Excluding starlings from a slot-entrance bluebird nest box. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:204-207.
48. McComb, W. C., S. A. Bonney, and J. D. Sole. 1987. Habitat at ruffed grouse capture sites in Kentucky. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 41:410 416.
49. McPeek, G. A., W. C. McComb, J. J. Moriarty, and G. E. Jacoby. 1987. Bark-foraging bird abundance unaffected by increased snag availability in a mixed mesophytic forest. Wilson Bull. 99:253-257.
50. Davis, W. H., W. C. McComb, and P. N. Allaire. 1986. Competition for nest sites: do starlings inhibit bluebird production? Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 48:133-136.
51. McComb, W. C., S. A. Bonney, R. M. Sheffield, and N. D. Cost. 1986. Snag resources in Florida—are they sufficient for average populations of primary cavity-nesters? Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14:40-48.
52. McComb, W. C., S. A. Bonney, R. M. Sheffield, and N. D. Cost. 1986. Den tree characteristics and abundance in Florida and South Carolina. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:584-591.
53. McComb, W. C., and J. J. Moriarty. 1986. Bird abundance and cavity use 25 years after timber stand improvement in a central Appalachian forest. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 40:325-333.
54. Muller, R. N., and W. C. McComb. 1986. Upland forests of the Knobs Region of Kentucky. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 113:268-280.
55. McComb, W. C. 1985. Habitat associations of birds and mammals in an Appalachian forest. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. of Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 39:420-429.
56. Moriarty, J. J. and W. C. McComb. 1985. Plant community composition and structure in a central Appalachian forest stand 25 years after timber stand improvement. Castanea 50:32-42.
57. Davis, W. H., W. C. McComb, and P. N. Allaire. 1984. Ants (Crematogaster) nest in bird boxes. Entomological News 95:29-30.
58. McComb, W. C. 1984. Managing urban forests to increase or decrease gray squirrel populations. So. J. Appl. For. 8:31-34.
59. McComb, W. C., and R. N. Muller. 1983. Snag densities in old-growth and second-growth Appalachian forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 47:376-382.
60. McComb, W. C., and R. L. Rumsey. 1983. Characteristics and cavity nesting bird use of picloram created snags in the central Appalachians. So. J. Appl. For. 7:34 37.
61. McComb, W. C., and R. L. Rumsey. 1983. Bird density and habitat use in forest openings created by herbicides and clearcutting in the central Appalachians. Brimleyana 9:83-95.
62. McComb, W. C., and S. A. Bonney. 1983. Wildlife information needs of Kentucky County Agents. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 44:106 110.
63. McPeek, M. A., B. L. Cook, and W. C. McComb. 1983. Habitat selection by small mammals in an urban woodlot. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 44:68-73.
64. McComb, W. C. 1982. Forestry and wildlife habitat management in central hardwoods. J. Forestry 80:480-492.
65. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1982. Invertebrate use of natural tree cavities and nest boxes. Amer. Midl. Nat. 107:163-172.
66. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1982. Response of understory vegetation to improvement cutting and physiographic site in two mid-South forest stands. Castanea 46:60-77.
67. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1982. Understory vegetation in a Populus deltoides plantation. Castanea 47:132-136.
68. Moriarty, J. J., and W. C. McComb. 1982. A fiber optics system for tree cavity inspection. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10:173-174.
69. McComb, W. C., and R. L. Rumsey. 1982. Response of small mammals to forest clearings created by herbicides in the central Appalachians. Brimleyana 8:121-134.
70. McComb, W. C. 1981. Nest box and natural cavity use by Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 43:71-73.
71. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1981. Herpetofaunal use of natural tree cavities and nest boxes. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 9:261-269.
72. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1981. Microclimates of nest boxes and natural cavities in bottomland hardwoods. J. Wildl. Manage. 45:284-289.
73. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1981. Nest box and natural cavity use in three mid-South forest habitats. J. Wildl. Manage. 45:92-101.
74. McComb, W. C., and R. L. Rumsey. 1981. Habitat characteristics of forest clearings created by picloram herbicides and clearcutting. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 35:174-184.
75. McComb, W. C., and R. E, Noble. 1980. Small mammal and bird use of some managed and unmanaged forest stands in the mid-South. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 34:482-491.
Reviewed Technical Papers
76. Johnson, K.N., S. Gordon, S. Duncan, D. Lach, B. McComb, and K. Reynolds. 2006. Conserving creatures of the forest: a guide to decision making ad decision models for forest biodiversity. National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry Final report. NCSSF, Washington, DC
77. McComb, B.C. 2005. A blueprint for universities: Interdisciplinary approaches to biodiversity challenges. Renewable Resources Journal 22:12-15
78. Compton, J. E., C. P. Andersen, J. R. Brooks, M. R. Church, W. E. Hogsett, D. L. Phillips, M. G. Johnson, M. A. Cairns, P. G. Rygiewicz, B. C. McComb, C. D. Shaff and S. Klein. 2004. Ecological and water quality consequences of nutrient additions for salmon restoration in the Oregon Coast Range. US EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory report. Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR. 30pp.
79. McComb, B. C. 2003. A university perspective on crises in conservation. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 68:382-396.
80. Spies, T.A., K. N. Johnson, P. Bettinger, W. C. McComb, J. L. Ohmann, G. H. Reeves. 2002. Challenges to integrating wood production, biodiversity, and other socio-economic values at broad scales: an example from Coastal Oregon. Pages 13-26 in A. C. Johnson et al. Editors. Congruent management of multiple Resources: Proceedings from the wood compatibility initiative workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. PNW-GTR 563.
81. Vesely, D., W. C. McComb, J. M. Weikel, and D. Bigger. 2001. Wildlife and Coarse filter biodiversity assessment. Chapter 4. Umpqua Land Exchange Project Coast Range Analysis. Umpqua Land Exchange Project. Roseburg, OR.
82. Chambers C. L, W. C. McComb, J. C. Tappeiner, L. D. Kellogg, R. L. Johnson, and G. Spycher. 1999. CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years. Forestry Chronicle 75: (3) 431-434.
83. Vesely, D., and W. C. McComb. 1999. A problem analysis of two wildlife diversity indicators for Oregon Forests. Final Report. Pacific Wildlife Research, Corvallis, OR. 21pp.
84. McComb, W. C. 1998. Regional trends in biological resources – Pacific Northwest. Contributing Author to Vol. 2, Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources, M. J. Mac, P. A. Opier, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P.D. Doran, eds. U.S. Dep. Interior, USGS, Reston Va. 964pp.
85. Chambers, C. L., J. C. Hagar, and W. C. McComb. 1995. Linking reserve areas; Using animal responses to silvicultural systems as models for management in Robert M. Linn, ed. Sustainable Society and Protected Areas. George Wright Society. 300 pp.
86. McComb, W. C. 1994. High quality forestry: implications for wildlife associated with old. unmanaged conifer stands, pages 74-92 in J. Weigand et al. eds. High Quality Forestry Workshop: The Idea of Long Rotations. CINTRAFOR SP-15, College of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington.
87. McComb, W. C., J. Tappeiner, L. Kellogg, C. Chambers, and R. Johnson. 1993. Alternative stand management approaches for multiple resources: Integrated management experiments, Pages 71-86 in Huff et al., Eds. Expanding Horizons of Ecosystem Management: Proceedings of the Third Habitat Futures Workshop, Vernon, B.C. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. No. 336.
88. Gagliuso, R. and W.C. McComb. 1992. Designing landscapes for wildlife and timber, pages 379-388 in G. Wood and B. Turner, eds. Integrating forest information over space and time, ANUTECH Pty Ltd, Canberra, Australia.
89. McComb, W. C., K. McGarigal, J. D. Fraser, and W. H. Davis. 1989. Planning for basin-level cumulative effects in the Appalachian coal field. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. and Natur. Resour. Conf. 54:102-112
90. McGarigal, K., and W. C. McComb. 1989. Riparian wildlife information needs in western Oregon: land manager concerns. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Natur. Resour. Conf. 54:32-42.
91. McComb, W. C., A. J. Hansen, and K. McGarigal. 1989. COPEing with landscape fragmentation in western Oregon: Forests by design or default? Proc. SAF Conference, Spokane, WA. (invited).
92. Davis, W. H., and W. C. McComb. 1989. Bluebirds and starlings: competition for nest sites. Sialia 11:123-125.
93. Triquet, A. M., W. C. McComb, and J. D. Sole. 1989. Ruffed grouse drumming sites in eastern Kentucky. Ky. Warbler 64:54-60.
94. Claus, D. B., W. H. Davis, and W. C. McComb. 1988. Bird use of eastern Kentucky surface mines. Ky. Warbler 64:39-43.
95. Davis, W. H., and W. C. McComb. 1988. Use of tangle-trap to measure snake predation at bluebird boxes. Sialia 10:87-88.
96. McComb, W. C., and P. L. Groetsch. 1986. Methods for inspection of cavities in trees and snags. Ky. Warbler 62:61-64.
97. McComb, W. C., and G. A. Hurst. 1986. Herbicides and wildlife in southern forests. Pp 28-36. in J. G. Dickson and O. E. Maughn, eds., Managing Southern Forests for Wildlife and Fish: a Proceedings. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-65.
98. Richards, T. W., W. C. McComb, and W. G. Vogel. 1984. Seed predation reduces stocking of northern red oak direct-seeded on revegetated mine sites. In: Direct Seeding of Trees for Reclamation”, So. Ill. Univ., Carbondale
99. McComb, W. C., and S. A. Bonney. 1984. Snag and cavity resources for wildlife in South Carolina and Florida: An analysis of U.S. Forest Service forest inventory and analysis data. Final report. Dep. of Forestry, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington. 181pp.
100. Richards, T. W., W. C. McComb, D. H. Graves, and W. G. Vogel. 1984. Hardwood reforestation of surface-mine land. Final report. Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington. 131 pp.
101. Moriarty, J. J., and W. C. McComb. 1983. Long-term effect of timberstand improvement on snag and cavity densities in the central Appalachians. Pp. 40-44. In: Proceedings of the Snag Habitat Management Symposium, Flagstaff, Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99.
102. Dickson, J. G., W. R. Marion, W. C. McComb, and J. J. Moriarty. 1983. A partial bibliography on management of non-game birds in the Southeast, 1960-1980. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-47. 11 pp.
103. Richards, T-W.,W. C. McComb, and D. H. Graves. 1983. Small mammal damage in surface mine tree plantings. pp. 407-411 in: Proceedings, Symposium on Surface Mining Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation, Lexington, Ky.
104. Allaire, P. N., W. C. McComb, W. H. Davis, and R. Brown. 1982. Short-eared owls use reclaimed mine site. Ky. Warbler 58:58-59.
105. McComb. W. C., and J. J. Moriarty. 1982. Predicting ovenbird densities in eastern Kentucky forests. Ky. Warbler 58:23-27.
106. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1981. The effect of screech owl presence upon relative humidity inside a nest box. Ky. Warbler 57:63-64.
107. McComb, W. C., and J. J. Moriarty. 1981. Winter bird densities in eastern Kentucky forests. Ky. Warbler 57:67-71.
108. McComb, W. C., and S. B. Carpenter. 1981. Direct seeding of sawtooth oaks and dogwoods on surface mine spoil, pp. 71-79 in: Seminar and Demonstration of Direct Seeding of Trees for Reclamation, Madisonville Comm. Coll., Univ. of Ky.
109. McComb, W. C., S. B. Carpenter, and R. S. Caldwell. 1981. Direct seeding sawtooth oak on surface mine spoil. pp. 497-500 in Proceedings, Symposium on Surface Mining Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation, Lexington, Ky.
110. McComb, W. C. 1980. Effects of land use upon food habits, productivity, and gastro-intestinal parasites of raccoons. pp. 642-651 in Trans. Worldwide Furbearer Conf., Frostburg, MD.
111. McComb, W. C., and R. E. Noble. 1980. Effects of single-tree selection cutting upon snag and natural cavity characteristics. Trans. Northeast Fish and Wildl.. Conf. 37:50-57.
112. Noble, R. E., R. B. Hamilton, and W. C. McComb. 1980. Some effects of forestry on non-game birds. pp. 65-78 in LSU Forestry Symposium, Baton Rouge,
Books and Book Chapters
113. McComb, B. C. 2007. Wildlife habitat management: Concepts and applications in forestry. Taylor and Francis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. (textbook, anticipated release in summer 2007)
114. Vesely, D., B. C. McComb, C. D. Vojta, L. H. Suring, J. Halaj, R. S. Holthausen, B. Zuckerberg, and P. M. Manley. 2006. Development of protocols to inventory or monitor wildlife, fish, or rare plants. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-72. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 100 p.
115. McComb, B. C. and C. L. Chambers. 2005. Chapter 1. Introduction. Pages 13-23. College of Forestry Integrated Research Project: Ecological and socioeconomic responses to alternative silvicultural treatments. OSU Forest Research Lab Research Contribution 46.
116. Chambers, C.L. and B. C. McComb. 2005. Chapter 5. Wildlife responses. Pages 63-87. College of Forestry Integrated Research Project: Ecological and socioeconomic responses to alternative silvicultural treatments. OSU Forest Research Lab Research Contribution 46.
117. McComb, W. C. 2003. Ecology of coarse woody debris and its role as habitat for mammals. Chapter 11 in C. J. Zabel, and R. G. Anthony, eds. Mammal Community Dynamics: management and conservation in the coniferous forests of western North America. Cambridge University Press. 732 pp.
118. Martin, K. J., and W. C. McComb. 2003. Small mammals in a landscape mosaic: implications for conservation. Chapter 16 in R. G. Anthony and C. Zabel, eds. Mammals of Pacific Northwest Forests. Cambridge University Press. 732 pp.
119. Spies, T. A., G. H. Reeves, K. M. Burnett, W. C. McComb, K. N. Johnson, G. Grant, J. L. Ohmann, S. L. Garman, and P. Bettinger. 2002. Assessing the ecological consequences of forest policies in a multi-ownership province. Pages 179-207 in Integrating ecology into natural resource management. J. Liu and W.W. Taylor (Eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press .
120. Bettinger, P., K. Boston, J. Sessions, and W. C. McComb. 2001. Integrating wildlife species habitat goals and quantitative land management planning processes. Chapter 23 in D. H. Johnson and T. A. O’Neill, managing editors. Wildlife Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. OSU Press, Corvallis. 768pp.
121. McComb, W. C. 2001. Management of within-stand features in forested habitats. Chapter 4 in D. H. Johnson and T. A. O’Neill, managing editors. Wildlife Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. OSU Press, Corvallis. 768pp.
122. McComb, W. C. 1999. Forest Fragmentation: Wildlife and management implications-synthesis of the conference. Chapter 17 in J. P. Rochelle, L. A. Lehman, and J. Wisniewski, editors. Forest fragmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications. Brill Press, Netherlands.
123. McGarigal, K. and W. C. McComb. 1999. Forest fragmentation and breeding bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Chapter 13 in J. P. Rochelle, L. A. Lehman, and J. Wisniewski, editors. Forest fragmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications. Brill Press, Netherlands.
124. Leopold, D. J., W. C. McComb, and R. N. Muller. 1998. Trees of the Central Hardwood Forests of North America: An Identification and Cultivation Guide. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 469pp.
125. McComb, W. C., and D. Lindenmayer. 1999. Dying, Dead, and Down Trees, Chapter 10, in Hunter, M. L., Jr., Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 695 pp.
126. McComb, W. C. 1994. Red alder; wildlife interactions, Chapter 9, pages 131-140 in D. E. Hibbs, D.S. DeBell, and R.F. Tarrant (eds.). Biology and management of red alder, OSU Press, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
127. Bryant, W. S., W. C. McComb, and J. S. Fralish. 1993. Oak-hickory forests, Pages 143-201 Chapter 4 In: W. H. Martin, R. Giles, and S. Boyce, eds. Biotic communities of the southeastern United States. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
128. Hinkle, R., and W. C. McComb. 1993. Mixed mesophytic forests, Pages 203-253 Chapter 5 in: W. H. Martin, R. Giles, and S. Boyce, eds. Biotic communities of the southeastern United States. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
129. McComb, W. C. and A. J. Hansen. 1992. General principles of forest wildlife ecology and management. Chapter 5 in H. C. Black ed. Silvicultural Approach to Animal Damage Management. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287.
130. McComb, W. C. 1992. Modeling management systems for prescription development. Chapter 20 m H. C. Black, ed. Silvicultural Approach to Animal Damage Management. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287.
131. McComb, W. C., K. McGarigal, J. D. Fraser, and W. H. Davis. 1991. Planning for basin-level cumulative effects in the Appalachian coal field, Chapter 7 in J. Rodiek and E. Bolen, eds., Wildlife Habitats in Managed Landscapes. Island Press.
132. McComb, W. C., ed. 1985. Proceedings of the workshop on management of nongame species and ecological communities. Dep. of Forestry, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington. 412 pp.
| | Areas of interest: | | forest science | | terrestrial ecology | | natural resource management | | biodiversity | | conservation biology | | land and water | | |
| | Articles: | 15 ESPR (3) 266-272 (2008), Acute Toxic Hazard Evaluations of Glyphosate Herbicide on Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Oregon Coast Range (7 pp)
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